Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA. Implementations of BCIs range from non-invasive ( EEG, MEG, MRI) and partially invasive ( ECoG and endovascular) to invasive ( microelectrode array), based on how close electrodes get to brain tissue. They are often conceptualized as a human–machine interface that skips the intermediary component of the physical movement of body parts, although they also raise the possibility of the erasure of the discreteness of brain and machine. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. A brain–computer interface ( BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface ( BMI) or smartbrain, is a direct communication pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb.
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